Python tudo sobre novidades no Python3

January 05, 2020

==============

`print` is a function

New in Python 3.0

PEP 3105 - Make print a function

Python 2

>>> print "print is a statement"
print is a statement
>>> for x in range(3):
...     print x,
...
0 1 2

Python 3

>>> print("print is a function")
print is a function
>>> print()
>>> for x in range(3):
...     print(x, end=' ')
... else:
...     print()
...
0 1 2

String is unicode

New in Python 3.0

PEP 3138 - String representation in Python 3000
PEP 3120 - Using UTF-8 as the default source encoding
PEP 3131 - Supporting Non-ASCII Identifiers

Python 2

>>> s = 'Café'  # byte string
>>> s
'Caf\xc3\xa9'
>>> type(s)
<type 'str'>
>>> u = u'Café' # unicode string
>>> u
u'Caf\xe9'
>>> type(u)
<type 'unicode'>
>>> len([_c for _c in 'Café'])
5

Python 3

>>> s = 'Café'
>>> s
'Café'
>>> type(s)
<class 'str'>
>>> s.encode('utf-8')
b'Caf\xc3\xa9'
>>> s.encode('utf-8').decode('utf-8')
'Café'
>>> len([_c for _c in 'Café'])
4

Division Operator

New in Python 3.0

PEP 238 - Changing the Division Operator

Python2

>>> 1 / 2
0
>>> 1 // 2
0
>>> 1. / 2
0.5

# back port "true division" to python2

>>> from __future__ import division
>>> 1 / 2
0.5
>>> 1 // 2
0

Python3

>>> 1 / 2
0.5
>>> 1 // 2
0

New dict implementation

New in Python 3.6

PEP 468 - Preserving the order of **kwargs in a function
PEP 520 - Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order
bpo 27350 - More compact dictionaries with faster iteration

Before Python 3.5

>>> import sys
>>> sys.getsizeof({str(i):i for i in range(1000)})
49248

>>> d = {'timmy': 'red', 'barry': 'green', 'guido': 'blue'}
>>> d   # without order-preserving
{'barry': 'green', 'timmy': 'red', 'guido': 'blue'}

Python 3.6

Memory usage is smaller than Python 3.5
Preserve insertion ordered

>>> import sys
>>> sys.getsizeof({str(i):i for i in range(1000)})
36968

>>> d = {'timmy': 'red', 'barry': 'green', 'guido': 'blue'}
>>> d   # preserve insertion ordered
{'timmy': 'red', 'barry': 'green', 'guido': 'blue'}

Keyword-Only Arguments

New in Python 3.0

PEP 3102 - Keyword-Only Arguments

>>> def f(a, b, *, kw):
...     print(a, b, kw)
...
>>> f(1, 2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given
>>> f(1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'kw'
>>> f(1, 2, kw=3)
1 2 3

New Super

New in Python 3.0

PEP 3135 - New Super

Python 2

>>> class ParentCls(object):
...     def foo(self):
...         print "call parent"
...
>>> class ChildCls(ParentCls):
...     def foo(self):
...         super(ChildCls, self).foo()
...         print "call child"
...
>>> p = ParentCls()
>>> c = ChildCls()
>>> p.foo()
call parent
>>> c.foo()
call parent
call child

Python 3

>>> class ParentCls(object):
...     def foo(self):
...         print("call parent")
...
>>> class ChildCls(ParentCls):
...     def foo(self):
...         super().foo()
...         print("call child")
...
>>> p = ParentCls()
>>> c = ChildCls()
>>> p.foo()
call parent
>>> c.foo()
call parent
call child

Remove `<>`

New in Python 3.0

Python 2

>>> a = "Python2"
>>> a <> "Python3"
True

# equal to !=
>>> a != "Python3"
True

Python 3

>>> a = "Python3"
>>> a != "Python2"
True

BDFL retirement

New in Python 3.1

PEP 401 - BDFL Retirement

>>> from __future__ import barry_as_FLUFL
>>> 1 != 2
  File "<stdin>", line 1
    1 != 2
       ^
SyntaxError: with Barry as BDFL, use '<>' instead of '!='
>>> 1 <> 2
True

Not allow `from module import *` inside function

New in Python 3.0

>>> def f():
...     from os import *
...
  File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: import * only allowed at module level

Add `nonlocal` keyword

New in Python 3.0

PEP 3104 - Access to Names in Outer Scopes

nonlocal allow assigning directly to a variable in an outer (but non-global) scope

>>> def outf():
...     o = "out"
...     def inf():
...         nonlocal o
...         o = "change out"
...     inf()
...     print(o)
...
>>> outf()
change out

Extended iterable unpacking

New in Python 3.0

PEP 3132 - Extended Iterable Unpacking

>>> a, *b, c = range(5)
>>> a, b, c
(0, [1, 2, 3], 4)
>>> for a, *b in [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6, 7)]:
...     print(a, b)
...
1 [2, 3]
4 [5, 6, 7]

General unpacking

New in Python 3.5

PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations

Python 2

>>> def func(*a, **k):
...     print(a)
...     print(k)
...
>>> func(*[1,2,3,4,5], **{"foo": "bar"})
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
{'foo': 'bar'}

Python 3

>>> print(*[1, 2, 3], 4, *[5, 6])
1 2 3 4 5 6
>>> [*range(4), 4]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> {"foo": "Foo", "bar": "Bar", **{"baz": "baz"}}
{'foo': 'Foo', 'bar': 'Bar', 'baz': 'baz'}
>>> def func(*a, **k):
...     print(a)
...     print(k)
...
>>> func(*[1], *[4,5], **{"foo": "FOO"}, **{"bar": "BAR"})
(1, 4, 5)
{'foo': 'FOO', 'bar': 'BAR'}

Function annotations

New in Python 3.0

PEP 3107 - Function Annotations
PEP 484 - Type Hints
PEP 483 - The Theory of Type Hints

>>> import types
>>> generator = types.GeneratorType
>>> def fib(n: int) -> generator:
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     for _ in range(n):
...         yield a
...         b, a = a + b, b
...
>>> [f for f in fib(10)]
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

Variable annotations

New in Python 3.6

PEP 526 - Syntax for Variable Annotations

>>> from typing import List
>>> x: List[int] = [1, 2, 3]
>>> x
[1, 2, 3]

>>> from typing import List, Dict
>>> class Cls(object):
...     x: List[int] = [1, 2, 3]
...     y: Dict[str, str] = {"foo": "bar"}
...
>>> o = Cls()
>>> o.x
[1, 2, 3]
>>> o.y
{'foo': 'bar'}

Core support for typing module and generic types

New in Python 3.7

PEP 560 - Core support for typing module and generic types

Before Python 3.7

>>> from typing import Generic, TypeVar
>>> from typing import Iterable
>>> T = TypeVar('T')
>>> class C(Generic[T]): ...
...
>>> def func(l: Iterable[C[int]]) -> None:
...     for i in l:
...         print(i)
...
>>> func([1,2,3])
1
2
3

Python 3.7 or above

>>> from typing import Iterable
>>> class C:
...     def __class_getitem__(cls, item):
...         return f"{cls.__name__}[{item.__name__}]"
...
>>> def func(l: Iterable[C[int]]) -> None:
...     for i in l:
...         print(i)
...
>>> func([1,2,3])
1
2
3

Format byte string

New in Python 3.5

PEP 461 - Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray

>>> b'abc %b %b' % (b'foo', b'bar')
b'abc foo bar'
>>> b'%d %f' % (1, 3.14)
b'1 3.140000'
>>> class Cls(object):
...     def __repr__(self):
...         return "repr"
...     def __str__(self):
...         return "str"
...
'repr'
>>> b'%a' % Cls()
b'repr'

fstring

New in Python 3.6

PEP 498 - Literal String Interpolation

>>> py = "Python3"
>>> f'Awesome {py}'
'Awesome Python3'
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> f'{x}'
'[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]'
>>> def foo(x:int) -> int:
...     return x + 1
...
>>> f'{foo(0)}'
'1'
>>> f'{123.567:1.3}'
'1.24e+02'

Suppressing exception

New in Python 3.3

PEP 409 - Suppressing exception context

Without raise Exception from None

>>> def func():
...     try:
...         1 / 0
...     except ZeroDivisionError:
...         raise ArithmeticError
...
>>> func()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in func
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 5, in func
ArithmeticError

With raise Exception from None

>>> def func():
...     try:
...         1 / 0
...     except ZeroDivisionError:
...         raise ArithmeticError from None
...
>>> func()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 5, in func
ArithmeticError

# debug

>>> try:
...     func()
... except ArithmeticError as e:
...     print(e.__context__)
...
division by zero

Generator delegation

New in Python 3.3

PEP 380 - Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator

>>> def fib(n: int):
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     for _ in range(n):
...         yield a
...         b, a = a + b, b
...
>>> def delegate(n: int):
...     yield from fib(n)
...
>>> list(delegate(10))
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

`async` and `await` syntax

New in Python 3.5

PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax

Before Python 3.5

>>> import asyncio
>>> @asyncio.coroutine
... def fib(n: int):
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     for _ in range(n):
...         b, a = a + b, b
...     return a
...
>>> @asyncio.coroutine
... def coro(n: int):
...     for x in range(n):
...         yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
...         f = yield from fib(x)
...         print(f)
...
>>> loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
>>> loop.run_until_complete(coro(3))
0
1
1

Python 3.5 or above

>>> import asyncio
>>> async def fib(n: int):
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     for _ in range(n):
...         b, a = a + b, b
...     return a
...
>>> async def coro(n: int):
...     for x in range(n):
...         await asyncio.sleep(1)
...         f = await fib(x)
...         print(f)
...
>>> loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
>>> loop.run_until_complete(coro(3))
0
1
1

Asynchronous generators

New in Python 3.6

PEP 525 - Asynchronous Generators

>>> import asyncio
>>> async def fib(n: int):
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     for _ in range(n):
...         await asyncio.sleep(1)
...         yield a
...         b, a = a + b , b
...
>>> async def coro(n: int):
...     ag = fib(n)
...     f = await ag.asend(None)
...     print(f)
...     f = await ag.asend(None)
...     print(f)
...
>>> loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
>>> loop.run_until_complete(coro(5))
0
1

Asynchronous comprehensions

New in Python 3.6

PEP 530 - Asynchronous Comprehensions

>>> import asyncio
>>> async def fib(n: int):
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     for _ in range(n):
...         await asyncio.sleep(1)
...         yield a
...         b, a = a + b , b
...

# async for ... else

>>> async def coro(n: int):
...     async for f in fib(n):
...         print(f, end=" ")
...     else:
...         print()
...
>>> loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
>>> loop.run_until_complete(coro(5))
0 1 1 2 3

# async for in list

>>> async def coro(n: int):
...     return [f async for f in fib(n)]
...
>>> loop.run_until_complete(coro(5))
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]

# await in list

>>> async def slowfmt(n: int) -> str:
...     await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
...     return f'{n}'
...
>>> async def coro(n: int):
...     return [await slowfmt(f) async for f in fib(n)]
...
>>> loop.run_until_complete(coro(5))
['0', '1', '1', '2', '3']

Matrix multiplication

New in Python 3.5

PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication

>>> # "@" represent matrix multiplication
>>> class Arr:
...     def __init__(self, *arg):
...         self._arr = arg
...     def __matmul__(self, other):
...         if not isinstance(other, Arr):
...             raise TypeError
...         if len(self) != len(other):
...             raise ValueError
...         return sum([x*y for x, y in zip(self._arr, other._arr)])
...     def __imatmul__(self, other):
...         if not isinstance(other, Arr):
...             raise TypeError
...         if len(self) != len(other):
...             raise ValueError
...         res = sum([x*y for x, y in zip(self._arr, other._arr)])
...         self._arr = [res]
...         return self
...     def __len__(self):
...         return len(self._arr)
...     def __str__(self):
...         return self.__repr__()
...     def __repr__(self):
...         return "Arr({})".format(repr(self._arr))
...
>>> a = Arr(9, 5, 2, 7)
>>> b = Arr(5, 5, 6, 6)
>>> a @ b  # __matmul__
124
>>> a @= b  # __imatmul__
>>> a
Arr([124])

Data Classes

New in Python 3.7

PEP 557 - Data Classes

Mutable Data Class

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>> @dataclass
... class DCls(object):
...     x: str
...     y: str
...
>>> d = DCls("foo", "bar")
>>> d
DCls(x='foo', y='bar')
>>> d = DCls(x="foo", y="baz")
>>> d
DCls(x='foo', y='baz')
>>> d.z = "bar"

Immutable Data Class

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>> from dataclasses import FrozenInstanceError
>>> @dataclass(frozen=True)
... class DCls(object):
...     x: str
...     y: str
...
>>> try:
...     d.x = "baz"
... except FrozenInstanceError as e:
...     print(e)
...
cannot assign to field 'x'
>>> try:
...     d.z = "baz"
... except FrozenInstanceError as e:
...     print(e)
...
cannot assign to field 'z'

Built-in `breakpoint()`

New in Python 3.7

PEP 553 - Built-in breakpoint()

>>> for x in range(3):
...     print(x)
...     breakpoint()
...
0
> <stdin>(1)<module>()->None
(Pdb) c
1
> <stdin>(1)<module>()->None
(Pdb) c
2
> <stdin>(1)<module>()->None
(Pdb) c

The walrus operator

New in Python 3.8

PEP 572 - Assignment Expressions

The goal of the walrus operator is to assign variables within an expression. After completing PEP 572, Guido van Rossum, commonly known as BDFL, decided to resign as a Python dictator.

>>> f = (0, 1)
>>> [(f := (f[1], sum(f)))[0] for i in range(10)]
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]

Positional-only parameters

New in Python 3.8

PEP 570 - Python Positional-Only Parameters

>>> def f(a, b, /, c, d):
...     print(a, b, c, d)
...
>>> f(1, 2, 3, 4)
1 2 3 4
>>> f(1, 2, c=3, d=4)
1 2 3 4
>>> f(1, b=2, c=3, d=4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'b'

Acesse a Referência original 1: Acesse a Referência original 2:

print is a function

String is unicode

Division Operator

New dict implementation

Keyword-Only Arguments

New Super

Remove <>

BDFL retirement

Not allow from module import * inside function

Add nonlocal keyword

Extended iterable unpacking

General unpacking

Function annotations

Variable annotations

Core support for typing module and generic types

Format byte string

fstring

Suppressing exception

Generator delegation

async and await syntax

Asynchronous generators

Asynchronous comprehensions

Matrix multiplication

Data Classes

Built-in breakpoint()

The walrus operator

Positional-only parameters

`print` is a function

Remove `<>`

Not allow `from module import *` inside function

Add `nonlocal` keyword

`async` and `await` syntax

Built-in `breakpoint()`